Emergency Contraception: an Anomalous Position in the Family Planning Repertoire?
The globe is already teeming with people today. Some countries have reached overpopulation and could not almost feed all the mouths of its countrymen. Overpopulation is at present considered an international crisis, and information technology is not only the task of the government to taper the overgrowth. As healthcare providers, we must exist able to educate our clients on the methods of family unit planning that can immensely help the globe in the control of the population.
Assessment
Contraceptives are products used to foreclose pregnancy by women and men. Each private has their own choice in what contraceptive they want to utilize, so you must assess their preference first before providing the all-time contraceptive for them.
- A pregnancy test must be performed first to brand sure that the woman seeking for nativity control is not presently significant.
- Assess for the OB history of the client, any past sexually transmitted diseases, the status of the past pregnancies, and if they have used a family planning method that did non turn out effective.
- Assess subjectively the needs, preferences, desires, and feelings of the client regarding family planning.
- Assess the sexual practices of the client, the frequency, the number of their sexual partners, and if they have whatsoever allergies to latex.
Natural Family Planning
The natural family planning methods do not include any chemic or foreign body introduction into the human body. Most people who are very conscious of their religious behavior are more inclined to use the natural style of birth control. Some want to utilize natural methods because it is more cost effective.
Abstinence
- This natural method involves abstaining from sexual intercourse and is the well-nigh effective natural nascence control method with ideally 0% fail rate.
- It is also the nigh effective way to avert STIs.
- However, most people find it difficult to comply with forbearance, and then only a few of them use this method.
Agenda Method
- Also chosen as the rhythm method, this natural method of family unit planning involves refraining from coitus during the days that the woman is fertile.
- According to the menstrual cycle, 3 or 4 days earlier and iii or 4 days after ovulation, the woman is likely to conceive.
- The process in calculating for the woman's safety days is achieved when the woman records her menstrual bike for half dozen months.
- She subtracts eighteen from the shortest cycle and the difference is the offset fertile twenty-four hours.
- She also subtracts eleven from the longest cycle, and this becomes the last fertile day.
- Starting from the first fertile day until the concluding day, the woman should avoid coitus to avoid conception.
- It has an ideal fail rate of 5%, but when used it has a typical neglect rate of 25%.
Basal Trunk Temperature
- The basal body temperature is the adult female's temperature at residual.
- BBT falls at 0.v⁰F before the solar day of ovulation and during ovulation, it rises to a full degree considering of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle, and this is the basis for the method.
- The adult female must take her temperature early on every morn before any activity, and if she notices that in that location is a slight decrease and then an increase in her temperature, this is a sign that she has ovulated.
- The woman must abstain from coitus for the adjacent 3 days.
- The BBT method has an ideal fail rate of ix% and has a typical use neglect rate of 25%.
Cervical Mucus Method
- The basis of this method is the changes in the cervical mucus during ovulation.
- To check if the woman is ovulating, the cervical mucus must be copious, thin, and watery.
- The cervical mucus must exhibit the property of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can exist stretched up until at least 1 inch and feels slippery.
- The fertile days of a adult female according to this method is every bit long equally the cervical mucus is copious and watery and a day after information technology. Therefore, she must avoid coitus during these days.
- When used typically, it has a fail rate of 25%.
Symptothermal Method
- The symptothermal method is simply a combination of the BBT method and the cervical fungus method.
- The woman takes her temperature every morning before getting up and also takes notation of any changes in her cervical mucus every day.
- She abstains from coitus iii days after a rise in her temperature or on the quaternary twenty-four hours after the height of a fungus change.
- Symptothermal method has an ideal failure rate of 2%.
Ovulation Detection
- The ovulation detection method is an over-the-counter kit that tin predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
- The kit requires the urine specimen of the adult female to detect the LH.
- The kit is 98% to 99% accurate and is fast condign the method of choice by women.
Lactation Amenorrhea Method
- Through sectional breastfeeding of the infant, the woman is able to suppress ovulation through the method of lactation amenorrhea method.
- However, if the infant is not exclusively breastfed, this method would not be an constructive birth control method.
- It is as well best to advise the adult female that after 3 months of exclusive breastfeeding, she must make plans of choosing some other method of contraception.
Coitus Interruptus
- This is one of the oldest methods of contraception.
- The couple yet proceeds with the coitus, but the human being withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the vagina.
- The disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may crusade fertilization.
- Coitus interruptus is just 75% effective because of this.
Hormonal Contraception
These hormonal contraceptives are effective through manipulation of the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation would not occur.
Oral Contraceptives
- As well known every bit the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
- Estrogen suppresses the FSH and LH to suppress ovulation, while progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm's access to the ova.
- To use the pill, information technology is recommended that the woman takes the beginning pill on the first Lord's day after the beginning of a menstrual menstruum, or the woman may cull to start the pill every bit soon equally it is prescribed.
- Suggest the adult female that the first 7 days of taking the pill would still non accept an outcome, so the couple must use another contraceptive method on the initial vii days.
- If the woman has skipped 1 day of taking the pill, she must take it the moment she remembers it, than still follow the regular use of the contraceptive.
- If the adult female has missed taking the pill for more than one day, she and her partner must consider an alternative contraception to avoid ovulation.
- Side effects for OCs are nausea, weight gain, headache, breast tenderness, breakthrough haemorrhage, vaginal infections, balmy hypertension, and low.
- Contraindications to OCs are breastfeeding, historic period of 35 years and to a higher place, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and cirrhosis.
Transdermal Patch
- The transdermal patch has a combination of both estrogen and progesterone in a form of a patch.
- For three weeks, the woman should employ ane patch every week on the following areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks.
- At the fourth week, no patch is practical because the menstrual catamenia would so occur.
- The area where the patch is applied should be clean, dry, free from any applications. And without any redness or irritation.
- Patches can be worn while bathing or pond, but when the woman notices that the patch is loose, she should immediately supervene upon the patch.
- If the patch has been loose for less than 24 hours, the woman need non employ an alternative form of contraceptive, only if she is not sure of how long the patch has been loose, she should replace it and start with a new week cycle and besides use an boosted contraceptive method.
Vaginal Ring
- The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and surrounds the neck.
- This silicon band is inserted vaginally and remains there for iii weeks, then removed on the fourth calendar week as menstrual period would occur.
- The adult female becomes fertile equally soon as the ring is removed.
- The vaginal ring has the aforementioned effectivity rate as the oral contraceptives.
Subdermal Implants
- The subdermal implants are 2 rod-similar implants embedded under the skin of the woman during her flow or on the viith mean solar day of her catamenia to make certain that she is not pregnant.
- Information technology contains etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin.
- Information technology is effective for 3 to 5 years.
- Subdermal implants accept a neglect rate of one%.
Hormonal Injections
- A hormonal injection consists of medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone, and given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly.
- The injection inhibits ovulation and causes changes in the endometrium and the cervical fungus.
- After administration the site should not be massaged then information technology could absorb slowly.
- It has an effectiveness of almost 100%, making it one of the most pop choices for birth command.
- Propose the adult female to ingest an adequate amount of calcium in her diet as there is a risk for decreased of os mineral density and to engage in weight-bearing exercises.
Intrauterine Device
- An IUD is a small, T-shaped object that is inserted into the uterus via the vagina.
- It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory status to prevent implantation.
- The IUD is fitted but by the md and inserted afterwards the woman'south menstrual flow to be certain that she is non pregnant.
- The device contains progesterone and is effective for 5 to vii years.
- A adult female with IUD is advised to check the flow of her menstruation every month and the IUD cord, and also to have a pelvic examination yearly.
Chemical Barriers
- Chemical barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are also used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and also lower the pH level of the vagina and so it volition non go conducive for the sperm.
- These chemical barriers cannot forestall sexually transmitted infections; however, they can be bought without any prescription.
- The ideal fail rate of chemic barriers is 80%.
Diaphragm
- A diaphragm works past inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the vagina.
- It is a circular, rubber deejay that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus.
- If a spermicide is combined with the use of a diaphragm, at that place is a failure rate of 6% ideally and 16% typically.
- The diaphragm should be fitted but past the physician, and should remain in place for half dozen hours after coitus.
- It can be left in place for not more than than 24 hours to avoid inflammation or irritation.
Cervical Cap
- The cervical cap is some other bulwark method that is fabricated of soft prophylactic and fitted on the rim of the neck.
- It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in identify for non more than 48 hours.
Male Condoms
- The male rubber is a latex or constructed rubber sheath that is placed on the erect penis earlier vaginal penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation.
- It can prevent STIs and can be bought over-the-counter without whatever plumbing equipment needed.
- Male condoms have an ideal neglect rate of 2% and a typical fail rate of 15% due to a break in the sheath'due south integrity or spilling.
- After sexual intercourse, the safety is removed to exist tending.
Female Condoms
- These are also latex safety sheaths that are specially designed for females and prelubricated with spermicide.
- It has an inner ring that covers the cervix and an outer, open ring that is placed confronting the vaginal opening.
- These are disposable and crave no prescription.
- The neglect rate of female condoms is 12% to 22%.
Surgical Methods
One of the most effective birth command methods is the surgical method. The ii kinds of surgical methods are used by either the male or the female, and would ensure that formulation is inhibited subsequently the surgery for every bit long as the client lives.
Vasectomy
- Males undergo vasectomy, which is executed through a small incision made on each side of the scrotum.
- The vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the sperm.
- This process is done with local anesthesia, then advise the patient that mild local hurting tin exist felt afterward the procedure.
- Advise the patient to use a back-up contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are performed because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for 6 months.
- In that location is a 99.5% accuracy rate for vasectomy and has a few complications.
Tubal Ligation
- In women, tubal ligation is performed by occluding the fallopian tubes through cut, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of the both the sperm and the ova.
- After catamenia and before ovulation, the process is done through a small incision nether the woman'due south belly button.
- A laparoscope is used to visualize the surgery, and the patient is under local anesthesia.
- The woman may return to her sexual activities subsequently 2 to 3 days of the operation.
- Educate that menstrual cycle would still occur, and make sure that coitus before ligation is protected to avoid ectopic pregnancy.
- The effectiveness of this method is at 99.5%.
The reproductive system is our tool as humans to multiply or procreate. Even so, the earth would become unlivable if the growth of the population continues to boom. You have a selection among all these birth command methods, and these are only a call to be a responsible parent and citizen.
Source: https://nurseslabs.com/family-planning-methods/
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